Inspired by out-of-equilibrium reaction networks in biochemical systems, chemical fuel reactions have been developed that impart time-dependent properties to polymer materials. This review describes recent advances in the development of materials exhibiting transient changes in phase, mechanical properties, swelling, self-healing, and self-assembly. Current challenges for the field include waste accumulation, bio-compatibility, and the control of timescales for functionally useful performance.

Abstract

Time-dependent properties in polymer materials can be achieved through coupling to out-of-equilibrium chemical fuel reactions that mimic biological processes. Through transient changes in bonding in polymers, transient gelation, changes in mechanical stiffness, swelling, self-healing, or self-assembly can be achieved. Recent advances in these categories are discussed. These out-of-equilibrium behaviors enable applications ranging from smart adhesives to actuators for soft robotics. However, challenges remain, including waste accumulation, bio-compatibility, and achieving functionally useful performance. Addressing these issues is essential for advancing the practical use of chemically driven polymer materials and unlocking their full potential for future technologies.